What is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
State the SI unit of temperature.
The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K).
List the three common temperature scales.
Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), and Fahrenheit (°F).
State the freezing and boiling points of water on the Celsius scale.
Freezing: 0°C, Boiling: 100°C.
What is the freezing point of water on the Kelvin scale?
273 K
Give the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin.
\( K = °C + 273 \)
State the formula for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit.
\( °F = \frac{9}{5} × °C + 32 \)
State the formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius.
\( °C = \frac{5}{9}(°F - 32) \)
What is absolute zero?
It is the lowest possible temperature where particles have minimal kinetic energy, 0 K.
What type of scale is the Kelvin scale?
An absolute scale starting from absolute zero.
Name the three methods of heat transfer.
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.
What is the value of absolute zero in Kelvin?
0 K
State the value of absolute zero in Celsius.
−273°C
Name the type of thermometer commonly used in laboratories.
Mercury-in-glass thermometer.
Why is mercury used in thermometers?
It has a uniform expansion and does not stick to glass.
Which thermometer is used to measure body temperature?
Clinical thermometer.
State the normal human body temperature in Fahrenheit.
98.6°F
What is the range of a clinical thermometer?
35°C to 42°C
Which thermometer is used in weather stations?
Maximum and minimum thermometer.
What principle does a gas thermometer work on?
Change in pressure of a gas with temperature at constant volume.
Which thermometer is suitable for very high temperatures?
Thermocouple thermometer.
Name the three methods of heat transfer.
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
What is conduction?
Transfer of heat through a material without the movement of the material itself.
What types of materials are good conductors of heat?
Metals like copper and aluminum.
What is convection?
Transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
Give one example of convection in everyday life.
Boiling water — warm water rises and cooler water sinks.
What is radiation?
Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without a medium.
What surface is best at absorbing radiant heat?
Black, dull surfaces.
Which surfaces reflect radiant heat the most?
Shiny, white surfaces.
What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
\( F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32 \)
What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
\( C = \frac{5}{9}(F - 32) \)
What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?
\( K = C + 273 \)
Define heat capacity.
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body by 1°C.
What is the unit of heat capacity?
Joules per degree Celsius (J/°C)
Define specific heat capacity.
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C.
State the formula for calculating heat energy.
\( Q = mc\Delta T \)
What does each symbol in the formula \( Q = mc\Delta T \) represent?
Q = heat energy, m = mass, c = specific heat capacity, \( \Delta T \) = temperature change
Which has higher specific heat capacity: water or iron?
Water
Why is water used in cooling systems?
Because of its high specific heat capacity, it absorbs a lot of heat before warming up.
What is thermal equilibrium?
When two objects in contact no longer exchange heat and have the same temperature.
Which law explains thermal equilibrium?
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
State the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
If object A is in thermal equilibrium with object B, and B with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
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